batteries Opções
batteries Opções
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Electrons move through the circuit, while simultaneously ions (atoms or molecules with an electric charge) move through the electrolyte. In a rechargeable battery, electrons and ions can move either direction through the circuit and electrolyte. When the electrons move from the cathode to the anode, they increase the chemical potential energy, thus charging the battery; when they move the other direction, they convert this chemical potential energy to electricity in the circuit and discharge the battery. During charging or discharging, the oppositely charged ions move inside the battery through the electrolyte to balance the charge of the electrons moving through the external circuit and produce a sustainable, rechargeable system. Once charged, the battery can be disconnected from the circuit to store the chemical potential energy for later use as electricity.
This battery finds application in high-drain devices due to its high capacity and energy density. They are generally used as an alternative because they have a slightly lower but generally compatible cell voltage.
It is also known as a rechargeable battery because it can be recharged after the battery’s energy is depleted. They are used as inverters for power supply as well as standalone power sources.
They are also used where it would be too expensive or impractical to use a single charged battery. Small-capacity secondary batteries are used in portable devices such as mobile phones, while heavy-duty batteries are found in electric vehicles and other high-drain applications.
Batteries can only provide a DC power supply that is generated from a chemical reaction that takes place within the battery. Batteries also only ever feature positive and negative terminals where the current will only ever flow in the same direction between the two terminals.
A coin cell battery is a small single-cell battery usually shaped as a squat cylindrical in diameter to resemble a button. These types of batteries have a separator that technicians contact an electrolyte between them, and control the flow of ions that create electricity.
It can be used for high- and low-drain devices but can wear out quickly in high-drain devices such as digital cameras. These batteries have a higher energy density and longer life, yet provide similar voltages as zinc-carbon batteries.
Global sales of BEV and PHEV cars are outpacing sales of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and as BEV and PHEV battery sizes are larger, battery demand further increases as a result.
The C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is being charged or discharged. It is defined as the current through the battery divided by the theoretical current draw under which the battery would deliver its nominal rated capacity in one hour.[51] It has the units h−1. Because of internal resistance loss and the chemical processes inside the cells, a battery rarely delivers nameplate rated capacity in only one hour. Typically, maximum capacity is found at a low C-rate, and charging or discharging at a higher C-rate reduces the usable life and capacity of a battery.
Internal energy losses and limitations on the rate that ions pass through the electrolyte cause battery efficiency to vary. Above a minimum threshold, discharging at a low rate delivers more of the battery's capacity than at a higher rate. Installing batteries with varying A·h ratings changes operating time, but not device operation unless load limits are exceeded. High-drain loads such as digital cameras can акумулатори reduce total capacity of rechargeable or disposable batteries. For example, a battery rated at 2 A·h for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full two hours as its stated capacity suggests.
Batteries that successfully traverse the esophagus are unlikely to lodge elsewhere. The likelihood that a disk battery will lodge in the esophagus is a function of the patient's age and battery size. Older children do not have problems with batteries smaller than 21–23 mm. Liquefaction necrosis may occur because sodium hydroxide is generated by the current produced by the battery (usually at the anode). Perforation has occurred as rapidly as 6 hours after ingestion.[77]
When the anode and cathode are both connected to a circuit, this then creates a chemical reaction between the anode and the electrolyte. When this reaction takes place it causes electrons to flow through the circuit, this then flows back to the cathode where the chemical reaction can then take place again.
This technology contains liquid electrolyte in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces during overcharging. The lead–acid battery is relatively heavy for the amount of electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is more important than weight and handling issues. A common application is the modern car battery, which can, in general, deliver a peak current of 450 amperes.
When a battery is recharged at an excessive rate, an explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen may be produced faster than it can escape from within the battery (e.g. through a built-in vent), leading to pressure build-up and eventual bursting of the battery case. In extreme cases, battery chemicals may spray violently from the casing and cause injury. An expert summary of the problem indicates that this type uses "liquid electrolytes to transport lithium ions between the anode and the cathode. If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires".